Optical networking yog ib qho cuab yeej siv lub teeb los xa cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv. Nws muaj cov bandwidth siab thiab qis latency thiab tau ua tus qauv de facto rau kev sib txuas lus cov ntaub ntawv nyob deb tau ntau xyoo. Optical fiber ntau yog siv rau feem ntau lub suab nyob deb thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas lus thoob ntiaj teb.
Optical networking yog ib qho tseem ceeb vim tias nws tso cai rau cov ntaub ntawv ceev ceev kis mus rau qhov ntev. Piv txwv li, lub network kho qhov muag kom ntseeg tau tias cov neeg siv hauv New York tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov servers hauv Nairobi sai npaum li cov cai ntawm physics tso cai.
Cov thev naus laus zis tom qab kev sib txuas kho qhov muag yog ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov kev xav sab hauv. Thaum lub teeb hits saum npoo ntawm ib qho nruab nrab xws li fiber ntau optic cable, qee qhov teeb pom kev zoo los ntawm qhov chaw. Lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub teeb yog nyob ntawm qhov khoom ntawm qhov nruab nrab thiab lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej (lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub teeb hits qhov chaw).
Yog tias lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej loj dua lub kaum sab xis tseem ceeb, ces tag nrho cov teeb pom kev zoo; qhov no yog hu ua total internal reflection. Tag nrho cov kev xav sab hauv tuaj yeem siv los ua cov fibers optical, ib hom iav lossis yas uas coj lub teeb raws nws qhov ntev.
Raws li lub teeb mus los ntawm fiber ntau, nws nkag mus rau ntau qhov kev xav sab hauv, ua rau nws tawm ntawm phab ntsa fiber ntau. Cov nyhuv bounce no ua rau lub teeb mus rau qhov ntev ntawm cov fiber ntau hauv cov qauv zigzag.
Los ntawm kev ua tib zoo tswj cov khoom ntawm fiber ntau, engineers tuaj yeem tswj tau ntau npaum li cas lub teeb pom kev thiab nws mus deb npaum li cas ua ntej yuav rov qab xav dua. Qhov no tso cai rau lawv tsim kho qhov muag fibers uas tuaj yeem xa cov ntaub ntawv ntev ntev yam tsis tau poob cov ntaub ntawv.
Optical networks muaj ntau yam khoom siv: optical fibers, transceivers, amplifiers, multiplexers, thiab optical switches.
Optical Fiber
Optical fiber yog qhov nruab nrab uas nqa cov teeb liab kho qhov muag. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv, suav nrog:
①Core: Qhov chaw uas nqa lub teeb.
②Clad: Cov khoom siv uas nyob ib puag ncig lub hauv paus thiab pab khaws cov teeb liab kho qhov muag.
③Buffer txheej: Cov khoom siv tiv thaiv qhov muag fiber ntau los ntawm kev puas tsuaj.
Cov tub ntxhais thiab cladding feem ntau yog ua los ntawm iav, thaum lub txheej tsis yog feem ntau yog ua los ntawm yas.
Transceiver
Transceivers yog cov khoom siv uas hloov hluav taws xob teeb liab mus rau hauv cov teeb liab kho qhov muag thiab rov ua dua, feem ntau yog siv hauv mais kawg ntawm kev sib txuas. Nws yog qhov sib txuas ntawm lub network kho qhov muag thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas siv nws, xws li khoos phis tawj thiab routers.
Amplifier
Raws li lub npe qhia, lub amplifier yog ib qho cuab yeej uas ua kom lub teeb pom kev zoo kom lawv tuaj yeem taug kev mus ntev yam tsis poob lub zog. Amplifiers tau muab tso rau hauv cov fiber ntau ntawm ib ntus kom txhawb lub teeb liab.
Multiplexer
Lub multiplexer tsuas yog ib qho khoom siv uas siv ntau lub teeb liab thiab sib txuas rau hauv ib lub teeb liab. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev muab txhua lub teeb liab sib txawv wavelength ntawm lub teeb, tso cai rau lub multiplexer xa ntau lub teeb liab ib txhij nrog ib qho fiber ntau yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam.
Lub teeb hloov
Kev hloov kho qhov muag yog ib qho khoom siv uas xa cov teeb liab kho qhov muag los ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm qhov. Cov keyboards kho qhov muag yog siv los tswj cov tsheb khiav hauv kev sib txuas kho qhov muag thiab feem ntau yog siv hauv cov tes hauj lwm muaj peev xwm.
Keeb kwm ntawm Optical Networking
Keeb kwm ntawm optical networking pib nyob rau hauv 1790s thaum Fabkis inventor Claude Chappe invented lub optical teeb liab telegraph, yog ib qho piv txwv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag.
Ze li ib puas xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1880, Alexander Graham Bell patented lub electro-optical xov tooj, ib tug kho qhov muag xov tooj system. Thaum lub Photophone yog qhov tsim nyog, Tswb qhov kev tsim ua ntej ntawm lub xov tooj tau siv tau ntau dua thiab tau txais daim ntawv pom tseeb. Yog li ntawd, Photophone yeej tsis tawm ntawm qhov kev sim.
Txog thaum xyoo 1920, John Logie Baird hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab Clarence W. Hansell tsuas yog patented lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv cov array ntawm hollow hlab los yog pob tshab rods xa cov duab rau TV lossis fax tshuab.
Xyoo 1954, tus kws tshawb fawb Dutch Abraham Van Heel thiab tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Harold H. Hopkins tau luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb. Hopkins tsom rau cov fibers uas tsis muaj ntaub qhwv, thaum Van Heel tsom tsuas yog ntawm cov ntaub qhwv yooj yim-pob tshab cladding nrog qis qis ntawm refraction nyob ib ncig ntawm cov liab qab fibers.
Qhov no tiv thaiv fiber ntau reflective nto los ntawm sab nraud deformations thiab txo kev cuam tshuam ntawm fibers. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab teeb pom kev zoo yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho qhov muag fibers. Tiv thaiv cov fiber ntau nto los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud tso cai rau kev sib kis ntawm cov teeb liab kho qhov muag los ntawm fiber ntau.
Los ntawm xyoo 1960, iav-clad fibers tau poob txog li 1 decibel (dB) ib 'meter', haum rau kev kho mob duab, tab sis siab heev rau kev sib txuas lus. Xyoo 1961, Elias Snitzer ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Optical of America tau luam tawm cov lus piav qhia txog kev kho qhov muag nrog lub hauv paus me me uas tuaj yeem xa lub teeb los ntawm tsuas yog ib hom waveguide.
Xyoo 1964, Dr. Kao tau thov kom lub teeb poob ntawm 10 lossis 20 dB ib mais. Tus qauv no pab txhim kho ntau yam thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Ntxiv rau nws txoj haujlwm ntawm kev poob qis, Dr. Gao tau qhia txog qhov xav tau ntawm lub iav ntshiab los pab txo qhov poob.
Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1970, ib pawg neeg tshawb fawb ntawm Corning Glass Works pib sim nrog cov khoom tshiab hu ua fused silica. Cov khoom no paub txog nws cov purity siab heev, siab melting point thiab tsawg refractive index.
Pab pawg, suav nrog Robert Maurer, Donald Keck thiab Peter Schultz, sai sai no pom tau hais tias fused silica tuaj yeem siv los ua ib hom tshiab ntawm cov hlau hu ua "optical waveguide fiber." Qhov fiber ntau optic xaim no tuaj yeem nqa tau 65,000 cov ntaub ntawv ntau dua li cov hlau tooj liab. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub teeb nthwv dej siv los nqa cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ntawm qhov chaw txawm tias ib txhiab mais deb.
Qhov kev tsim kho no tau hloov pauv kev sib txuas lus mus ntev thiab tau ua txoj hauv kev rau niaj hnub fiber-optic thev naus laus zis. Pab neeg no daws qhov teeb meem poob decibel uas tau teev tseg los ntawm Dr. Gao, thiab xyoo 1973 John MacChesney ntawm Bell Laboratories tau txhim kho cov txheej txheem tshuaj vapor deposition rau fiber ntau. Yog li ntawd, kev lag luam tsim cov fiber ntau optical cables tau ua tau.
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1977, General Xov tooj thiab Electronics Co. tau siv lub fiber-optic network thawj zaug rau kev sib txuas lus hauv xov tooj hauv Long Beach, California. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1977, Tswb Labs tau ua raws li sai sai, tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas lus hauv xov tooj ntawm qhov muag 1.5 mais hauv plawv nroog Chicago. Txhua khub ntawm fibers tuaj yeem xa 672 lub suab raws, sib npaug rau DS3 Circuit Court.
Thaum ntxov xyoo 1980, tiam thib ob ntawm kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau tau tsim los siv rau kev lag luam, siv 1.3-micron InGaAsP semiconductor laser. Cov tshuab no ua haujlwm ntawm tus nqi me ntsis siab li 1.7 Gbps hauv xyoo 1987, nrog cov neeg rov ua dua tshiab txog li 50 mais sib nrug.
Cov tshuab siv nyob rau hauv tiam thib peb fiber optic tes hauj lwm ua hauj lwm ntawm 1.55 microns thiab muaj ib tug poob ntawm txog 0.2 dB ib kilometer.
Plaub-tiam fiber optic kev sib txuas lus systems cia siab rau kho qhov muag amplification kom txo tau tus naj npawb ntawm repeaters yuav tsum tau thiab nyob rau hauv wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) kom cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm.
Hauv xyoo 2006, tus nqi me ntsis ntawm 14 terabits (Tb) ib ob tau ua tiav ntawm 160-kilometer kab siv optical amplifiers. Txog xyoo 2021, cov kws tshawb fawb Nyij Pooj yuav tuaj yeem xa 319 Tbps tshaj 3,000 mais siv plaub-core fiber optic cable.
Thaum cov kev sib txuas lus thib plaub ntawm fiber ntau optic muaj peev xwm ntau dua li cov tiam dhau los, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog tib yam: hloov hluav taws xob teeb liab mus rau hauv qhov muag pulses, xa lawv hla fiber ntau optics, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov lawv rov qab rau cov teeb liab hluav taws xob ntawm qhov tau txais. kawg.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom ntawm txhua tiam tau dhau los ua me, txhim khu kev qha, thiab tsis tshua kim. Yog li ntawd, kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau optic tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm peb cov kev sib txuas lus thoob ntiaj teb.
Tseem Ceeb Trends hauv Optical Networking
Tsom ntsoov rau ntawm ntug network
Optical network ntug yog qhov chaw khiav tsheb khiav hauv thiab tawm ntawm lub network. Txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm huab-raws li kev siv, kev sib txuas kho qhov muag tau txav ze rau cov neeg siv kawg. Qhov no tso cai rau qis latency thiab ua haujlwm zoo ib yam.
Txheej Encryption
Raws li kev tawm tsam cyber ntau dua, kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv hauv kev txav mus ntxiv yuav yog qhov kev txhawj xeeb loj. SASE (Secure Access Service Edge), kev siv huab-native kev ruaj ntseg nta ntawm qhov chaw pabcuam, tau txais kev txhawb nqa tsis ntev los no. Kev tiv thaiv qhov kawg tuaj yeem ua rau kev tswj hwm kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov tes hauj lwm sib txuas tsis tsim nyog.
Txawm hais tias qhov no yuav tsis tshem tawm qhov xav tau encryption, nws yuav tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv rhiab thiab kev siv. Yog tsis muaj kev tswj hwm kev ruaj ntseg nkaus xwb, txheej 1 kev tiv thaiv yuav nyuaj zuj zus.
Peb tuaj yeem tiv thaiv peb cov peev txheej zoo dua los ntawm kev nkag mus rau kev tswj hwm, kev tswj hwm, thiab cov neeg siv kev lag luam. Qhov no ua rau nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim rau cov neeg nyiag nkas nkag mus rau hauv lub kaw lus, txo txoj hauv kev muaj kev vam meej cyber nres. Raws li kev lag luam tau vam khom rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev sib txuas, cov kev daws teeb meem kev ruaj ntseg yuav tsuas yog pom tseeb dua.
Qhib Optical Network
Ib qho qhib optical network yog lub network kho qhov muag uas siv cov qauv, qhib kev sib txuas kom tso cai rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom sib txawv. Qhov no muab ntau txoj kev xaiv thiab yooj yim rau optical network Cheebtsam. Ntxiv rau, nws ua kom yooj yim ntxiv cov yam ntxwv tshiab thiab cov kev pabcuam thaum lawv muaj.
Kev loj hlob ntawm Spectrum Services
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv kev lag luam txuas ntxiv zuj zus, yog li xav tau ntau dua bandwidth thiab muaj peev xwm. Cov kev pabcuam Spectral muab qhov no los ntawm kev siv spectrum kom muaj peev xwm ntawm fiber ntau optic networks uas twb muaj lawm. Cov kev pabcuam no tau loj hlob hauv kev muaj koob npe vim lawv muab txoj hauv kev zoo kom tau raws li cov ntaub ntawv xav tau.
Ntau qhov kev xa tawm sab nraud
Kev xa tawm sab nraum zoov hauv cov txee hauv txoj kev tau dhau los ua ntau dua vim qhov kev thov rau bandwidth ntau dua thiab muaj peev xwm loj hlob. Sab nraum zoov fiber ntau tuaj yeem khiav ncaj qha mus rau cov neeg siv khoom qhov chaw, muab kev sib txuas ncaj qha thiab qis dua latency.
Compact thiab Modulator
Raws li kev sib txuas kho qhov muag txuas ntxiv mus, qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom me me, cov khoom sib txuam ua kom pom tseeb. Qhov no yog vim qhov chaw nyob hauv ib puag ncig cov ntaub ntawv chaw feem ntau txwv. Compact modular optics muab qhov chaw txuag txoj hauv kev thaum tseem xa cov kev ua haujlwm siab.
Lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Optical Networking
Intelligent Optical Network
Intelligent optical networks yog cov khoom siv kho qhov muag uas siv kev txawj ntse (AI) los ua kom zoo dua. Artificial txawj ntse tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas thiab kho cov teeb meem hauv lub network. Qhov no tso cai rau lub network muaj txiaj ntsig thiab txhim khu kev qha.
Tsis tas li ntawd, AI tuaj yeem siv los kwv yees cov qauv tsheb thiab kev xav tau yav tom ntej. Cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem siv los muab peev txheej ua ntej, kom ntseeg tau tias lub network tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau yav tom ntej.
Flexible daim phiaj architecture
Flexible mesh architectures tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam vim lawv muab txoj hauv kev los ua kom muaj peev xwm ntawm cov fibers uas twb muaj lawm. Daim phiaj hloov pauv tau tso cai rau ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub teeb ntawm ib qho fiber ntau. Qhov no tso cai rau ntau cov ntaub ntawv nqa mus rau txhua qhov fiber ntau, ua kom muaj peev xwm hauv lub network.
On-demand wavelength division multiplexing
Wavelength division multiplexing yog cov txheej txheem uas tso cai rau ntau lub wavelengths ntawm lub teeb kom xa mus rau ib qho fiber ntau. On-demand WDM yog hom WDM uas tso cai rau muaj peev xwm ntawm kev thov. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias muaj peev xwm ntxiv tau raws li qhov xav tau yam tsis tau txhim kho fiber ntau.
Optical Networking nyob rau hauv lub Ntiaj Teb Tshaj Lij Tshaj Plaws
Optical networking tau los ntev hauv nws cov keeb kwm luv luv. Los ntawm kev pib txo qis, tam sim no nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm ntau lub network loj. Nws yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Is Taws Nem, hloov pauv txoj hauv kev peb sib txuas lus thiab coj mus rau hauv ib lub sijhawm ntawm kev nce qib kev siv tshuab tsis tau muaj dua.
Raws li cov qauv xws li 5G paub tab, nws zoo nkaus li tias kev sib txuas kho qhov muag tau npaj los ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv peb lub ntiaj teb digitized zuj zus.
